Input: The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic originating from China in 2002 was caused by a previously uncharacterized coronavirus that could be identified by specific RT-PCR amplification. Efforts to control future SARS outbreaks depend on the accurate and early identification of SARS-CoV infected patients. A real-time fluorogenic RT-PCR assay based on the 3 -noncoding region (3 -NCR) of SARS-CoV genome was developed as a quantitative SARS diagnostic tool. The ideal amplification efficiency of a sensitive SARS-CoV RT-PCR assay should yield an E value (PCR product concentration increase per amplification cycle) equal to 2.0. It was demonstrated that the 3 -NCR SARS-CoV based RT-PCR reactions could be formulated to reach excellent E values of 1.81, or 91% amplification efficacy. The SARS-CoV cDNA preparations derived from viral RNA extract and the cloned recombinant plasmid both exhibit the identical amplification characteristics, i.e. amplification efficacy using the same PCR formulation developed in this study. The viral genomic copy (or genomic equivalences, GE) per infectious unit (GE/pfu) of SARS-CoV used in this study was also established to be approximate 1200-1600:1. The assay's detection sensitivity could reach 0.005 pfu or 6-8 GE per assay. It was preliminarily demonstrated that the assay could efficiently detect SARS-CoV from clinical specimens of SARS probable and suspected patients identified in Taiwan. The 3 -NCR based SARS-CoV assay demonstrated 100% diagnostic specificity testing samples of patients with acute respiratory disease from a non-SARS epidemic region.

Output: Development and evaluation of an efficient 3 -noncoding region-based SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) RT-PCR assay for detection of SARS-CoV

Input: Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) are cysteine protease proteins that reverse the ubiquitination by removing ubiquitins from the target protein. With over 100 DUBs identified and categorized into at least 7 families, many DUBs interact with one or more cytokines, influencing cellular processes, such as antiviral responses, inflammatory responses, apoptosis, etc. While some DUBs influence cytokine pathway or production, some DUBs are cytokine-inducible. In this article, we summarize a list of DUBs, their interaction with cytokines, target proteins and mechanisms of action.

Output: Regulatory interplay between deubiquitinating enzymes and cytokines

Input: A novel bat-origin coronavirus emerged in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and continues to spread across China and the world. At the time of writing, a massive global response has been implemented to control the disease as it spreads from person to person. Yet the high-risk human-wildlife interactions and interfaces that led to the emergence of SARS-CoV and of 2019-nCoV continue to exist in emerging disease hotspots globally. To prevent the next epidemic and pandemic related to these interfaces, we call for research and investment in three areas: 1) surveillance among wildlife to identify the high-risk pathogens they carry; 2) surveillance among people who have contact with wildlife to identify early spillover events; and 3) improvement of market biosecurity regarding the wildlife trade. As the emergence of a novel virus anywhere can impact the furthest reaches of our connected world, international collaboration among scientists is essential to address these risks and prevent the next pandemic.

Output: A strategy to prevent future epidemics similar to the 2019-nCoV outbreak

Input: Linking autoimmune orchitis models to human disease • Immunopathological sequelae of vasectomy • Conclusions and future perspectives BACKGROUND: Infection and inflammation of the reproductive tract are significant causes of male factor infertility. Ascending infections caused by sexually transmitted bacteria or urinary tract pathogens represent the most frequent aetiology of epididymo-orchitis, but viral, haematogenous dissemination is also a contributory factor. Limitations in adequate diagnosis and therapy reflect an obvious need for further understanding of human epididymal and testicular immunopathologies and their contribution to infertility. A major obstacle for advancing our knowledge is the limited access to suitable tissue samples. Similarly, the key events in the inflammatory or autoimmune pathologies affecting human male fertility are poorly amenable to close examination. Moreover, the disease processes generally have occurred long before the patient attends the clinic for fertility assessment. In this regard, data obtained from experimental animal models and respective comparative analyses have shown promise to overcome these restrictions in humans.

Output: dsRNA sensors and plasmacytoid dendritic cells in host defense and autoimmunity The primary response to viral detection: type I interferons

Input: This review presents a brief outline and novel developments of electrophoretic separation in microfluidic chips. Distinct characteristics of microchip electrophoresis (MCE) are discussed first, in which sample injection plug, joule heat, channel turn, surface adsorption and modification are introduced, and some successful strategies and recognized conclusions are also included. Important achievements of microfluidic electrophoresis separation in small molecules, DNA and protein are then summarized. This review is aimed at researchers, who are interested in MCE and want to adopt MCE as a functional unit in their integrated microsystems.

Output: Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection

Input: It is known that the person-to-person spreading of certain infectious diseases is related with the transmission of human exhaled air in the indoor environments, and this is suspected to be the case with the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak. This paper presents the numerical analysis of the human respiration process and the transport of exhaled air by breathing, sneezing, and coughing and their potential impact on the adjacent person in a modeled room with displacement ventilation. In order to account for the influence of the thermal plume around the human body, a three-dimensional computational thermal manikin (CTM) with an accurate description of body geometry was applied. Some of the results were compared with those from former simulations and experiments. It was found that personal exposure to the exhaled air from the normal respiration process of other persons is very low in a modeled room with displacement ventilation. Personal exposure to pollution caused by sneezing or coughing is highly directional. When two occupants face each other the cross-infection may happen due to the long transport distance of the exhalation.

Output: Association of Cytokines in Individuals Sensitive and Insensitive to Dust Mites in a Brazilian Population

Input: Thread-based microfluidics Point-of-care Cotton Colorimetric Electrochemical A B S T R A C T Over the past decades, researchers have been seeking attractive substrate materials to keep microfluidics improving to outbalance the drawbacks and issues. Cellulose substrates, including thread, paper and hydrogels are alternatives due to their distinct structural and mechanical properties for a number of applications. Thread have gained considerable attention and become promising powerful tool due to its advantages over paper-based systems thus finds numerous applications in the development of diagnostic systems, smart bandages and tissue engineering. To the best of our knowledge, no comprehensive review articles on the topic of thread-based microfluidics have been published and it is of significance for many scientific communities working on Microfluidics, Biosensors and Lab-on-Chip. This review gives an overview of the advances of thread-based microfluidic diagnostic devices in a variety of applications. It begins with an overall introduction of the fabrication followed by an in-depth review on the detection techniques in such devices and various applications with respect to effort and performance to date. A few perspective directions of thread-based microfluidics in its development are also discussed. Thread-based microfluidics are still at an early development stage and further improvements in terms of fabrication, analytical strategies, and function to become low-cost, low-volume and easy-to-use pointof-care (POC) diagnostic devices that can be adapted or commercialized for real world applications.

Output: Recent advances in thread-based microfluidics for diagnostic applications

Towards a comprehensive review of thread-based microfluidics


In this task, you're given a paragraph from the research paper and your task is to generate a suitable title for the research paper based on the given paper. Under 100 words is a good title length.

Input: The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic originating from China in 2002 was caused by a previously uncharacterized coronavirus that could be identified by specific RT-PCR amplification. Efforts to control future SARS outbreaks depend on the accurate and early identification of SARS-CoV infected patients. A real-time fluorogenic RT-PCR assay based on the 3 -noncoding region (3 -NCR) of SARS-CoV genome was developed as a quantitative SARS diagnostic tool. The ideal amplification efficiency of a sensitive SARS-CoV RT-PCR assay should yield an E value (PCR product concentration increase per amplification cycle) equal to 2.0. It was demonstrated that the 3 -NCR SARS-CoV based RT-PCR reactions could be formulated to reach excellent E values of 1.81, or 91% amplification efficacy. The SARS-CoV cDNA preparations derived from viral RNA extract and the cloned recombinant plasmid both exhibit the identical amplification characteristics, i.e. amplification efficacy using the same PCR formulation developed in this study. The viral genomic copy (or genomic equivalences, GE) per infectious unit (GE/pfu) of SARS-CoV used in this study was also established to be approximate 1200-1600:1. The assay's detection sensitivity could reach 0.005 pfu or 6-8 GE per assay. It was preliminarily demonstrated that the assay could efficiently detect SARS-CoV from clinical specimens of SARS probable and suspected patients identified in Taiwan. The 3 -NCR based SARS-CoV assay demonstrated 100% diagnostic specificity testing samples of patients with acute respiratory disease from a non-SARS epidemic region.

Output: Development and evaluation of an efficient 3 -noncoding region-based SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) RT-PCR assay for detection of SARS-CoV

Explanation: It's a correct title because the paragraph described the development of 3 -noncoding region of SARS-CoV genome and assay efficiently detecting SARS-CoV from clinical specimens.

Input: Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) are cysteine protease proteins that reverse the ubiquitination by removing ubiquitins from the target protein. With over 100 DUBs identified and categorized into at least 7 families, many DUBs interact with one or more cytokines, influencing cellular processes, such as antiviral responses, inflammatory responses, apoptosis, etc. While some DUBs influence cytokine pathway or production, some DUBs are cytokine-inducible. In this article, we summarize a list of DUBs, their interaction with cytokines, target proteins and mechanisms of action.

Output: Regulatory interplay between deubiquitinating enzymes and cytokines

Explanation: It's a correct title because the paragraph talks about the interaction of deubiquitinating and cytokines that are mentioned in the title.

Input: A novel bat-origin coronavirus emerged in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and continues to spread across China and the world. At the time of writing, a massive global response has been implemented to control the disease as it spreads from person to person. Yet the high-risk human-wildlife interactions and interfaces that led to the emergence of SARS-CoV and of 2019-nCoV continue to exist in emerging disease hotspots globally. To prevent the next epidemic and pandemic related to these interfaces, we call for research and investment in three areas: 1) surveillance among wildlife to identify the high-risk pathogens they carry; 2) surveillance among people who have contact with wildlife to identify early spillover events; and 3) improvement of market biosecurity regarding the wildlife trade. As the emergence of a novel virus anywhere can impact the furthest reaches of our connected world, international collaboration among scientists is essential to address these risks and prevent the next pandemic.

Output: A strategy to prevent future epidemics similar to the 2019-nCoV outbreak

Explanation: It's a correct title because the paragraph talks about how to prevent future epidemic and to address the risks.

Input: Linking autoimmune orchitis models to human disease • Immunopathological sequelae of vasectomy • Conclusions and future perspectives BACKGROUND: Infection and inflammation of the reproductive tract are significant causes of male factor infertility. Ascending infections caused by sexually transmitted bacteria or urinary tract pathogens represent the most frequent aetiology of epididymo-orchitis, but viral, haematogenous dissemination is also a contributory factor. Limitations in adequate diagnosis and therapy reflect an obvious need for further understanding of human epididymal and testicular immunopathologies and their contribution to infertility. A major obstacle for advancing our knowledge is the limited access to suitable tissue samples. Similarly, the key events in the inflammatory or autoimmune pathologies affecting human male fertility are poorly amenable to close examination. Moreover, the disease processes generally have occurred long before the patient attends the clinic for fertility assessment. In this regard, data obtained from experimental animal models and respective comparative analyses have shown promise to overcome these restrictions in humans.

Output: dsRNA sensors and plasmacytoid dendritic cells in host defense and autoimmunity The primary response to viral detection: type I interferons

Explanation: It's an incorrect title because paragraphs because the tasks talk about Infectious, inflammatory and male factor infertility and how do rodent models inform clinical practice?

Input: This review presents a brief outline and novel developments of electrophoretic separation in microfluidic chips. Distinct characteristics of microchip electrophoresis (MCE) are discussed first, in which sample injection plug, joule heat, channel turn, surface adsorption and modification are introduced, and some successful strategies and recognized conclusions are also included. Important achievements of microfluidic electrophoresis separation in small molecules, DNA and protein are then summarized. This review is aimed at researchers, who are interested in MCE and want to adopt MCE as a functional unit in their integrated microsystems.

Output: Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection

Explanation: It's an incorrect title because paragraph talks about Electrophoretic separations on microfluidic chips.

Input: It is known that the person-to-person spreading of certain infectious diseases is related with the transmission of human exhaled air in the indoor environments, and this is suspected to be the case with the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak. This paper presents the numerical analysis of the human respiration process and the transport of exhaled air by breathing, sneezing, and coughing and their potential impact on the adjacent person in a modeled room with displacement ventilation. In order to account for the influence of the thermal plume around the human body, a three-dimensional computational thermal manikin (CTM) with an accurate description of body geometry was applied. Some of the results were compared with those from former simulations and experiments. It was found that personal exposure to the exhaled air from the normal respiration process of other persons is very low in a modeled room with displacement ventilation. Personal exposure to pollution caused by sneezing or coughing is highly directional. When two occupants face each other the cross-infection may happen due to the long transport distance of the exhalation.

Output: Association of Cytokines in Individuals Sensitive and Insensitive to Dust Mites in a Brazilian Population

Explanation: It's an incorrect title because paragraph talks about Transient CFD simulation of the respiration process and inter-person exposure assessment.

Input: Objective: To describe aspects found on HRCT scans of the chest in patients infected with the influenza A (H1N1) virus. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the HRCT scans of 71 patients (38 females and 33 males) with H1N1 infection, confirmed through laboratory tests, between July and September of 2009. The HRCT scans were interpreted by two thoracic radiologists independently, and in case of disagreement, the decisions were made by consensus. Results: The most common HRCT findings were ground-glass opacities (85%), consolidation (64%), or a combination of ground-glass opacities and consolidation (58%). Other findings were airspace nodules (25%), bronchial wall thickening (25%), interlobular septal thickening (21%), crazy-paving pattern (15%), perilobular pattern (3%), and air trapping (3%). The findings were frequently bilateral (89%), with a random distribution (68%). Pleural effusion, when observed, was typically minimal. No lymphadenopathy was identified. Conclusions: The most common findings were ground-glass opacities and consolidations, or a combination of both. Involvement was commonly bilateral with no axial or craniocaudal predominance in the distribution. Although the major tomographic findings in H1N1 infection are nonspecific, it is important to recognize such findings in order to include infection with the H1N1 virus in the differential diagnosis of respiratory symptoms. Objetivo: Descrever os aspectos encontrados em TCAR do tórax de pacientes infectados pelo vírus influenza A (H1N1). Métodos: Foram analisadas retrospectivamente as TCAR de 71 pacientes (38 femininos e 33 masculinos) com diagnóstico confirmado de influenza A (H1N1) através da identificação laboratorial do vírus, estudados no período entre julho e setembro de 2009. A interpretação das TCAR foi realizada por dois radiologistas torácicos de forma independente, e, em caso de discordância, as decisões foram tomadas por consenso. Resultados: Os achados de TCAR mais comuns foram opacidades em vidro fosco (85%), consolidação (64%) ou a combinação de opacidades em vidro fosco e consolidação (58%). Outros achados foram nódulos do espaço aéreo (25%), espessamento das paredes brônquicas (25%), espessamento de septos interlobulares (21%), padrão de pavimentação em mosaico (15%), espessamento perilobular (3%) e aprisionamento aéreo (3%). As alterações foram frequentemente bilaterais (89%), com distribuição não específica (68%). Derrame pleural, quando observado, foi, em geral, de pequena monta. Não foram observadas linfonodomegalias. Conclusões: As alterações predominantes foram opacidades em vidro fosco, consolidações ou a combinação de ambas. O acometimento foi frequentemente bilateral e não houve predomínio quanto à distribuição (axial ou craniocaudal). Apesar de inespecíficos, é importante reconhecer os principais aspectos tomográficos da infecção por influenza A (H1N1) a fim de incluir essa possibilidade no diagnóstico diferencial de sintomas respiratórios. Descritores: Pneumonia viral; Tomografia computadorizada por raios X; Vírus da influenza A subtipo H1N1.

Output: Influenza A (H1N1) pneumonia: HRCT findings* Pneumonia por vírus influenza A (H1N1): aspectos na TCAR

TCAR de tórax infected with influenza A virus: a comparative study.


Input: The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic originating from China in 2002 was caused by a previously uncharacterized coronavirus that could be identified by specific RT-PCR amplification. Efforts to control future SARS outbreaks depend on the accurate and early identification of SARS-CoV infected patients. A real-time fluorogenic RT-PCR assay based on the 3 -noncoding region (3 -NCR) of SARS-CoV genome was developed as a quantitative SARS diagnostic tool. The ideal amplification efficiency of a sensitive SARS-CoV RT-PCR assay should yield an E value (PCR product concentration increase per amplification cycle) equal to 2.0. It was demonstrated that the 3 -NCR SARS-CoV based RT-PCR reactions could be formulated to reach excellent E values of 1.81, or 91% amplification efficacy. The SARS-CoV cDNA preparations derived from viral RNA extract and the cloned recombinant plasmid both exhibit the identical amplification characteristics, i.e. amplification efficacy using the same PCR formulation developed in this study. The viral genomic copy (or genomic equivalences, GE) per infectious unit (GE/pfu) of SARS-CoV used in this study was also established to be approximate 1200-1600:1. The assay's detection sensitivity could reach 0.005 pfu or 6-8 GE per assay. It was preliminarily demonstrated that the assay could efficiently detect SARS-CoV from clinical specimens of SARS probable and suspected patients identified in Taiwan. The 3 -NCR based SARS-CoV assay demonstrated 100% diagnostic specificity testing samples of patients with acute respiratory disease from a non-SARS epidemic region.

Output: Development and evaluation of an efficient 3 -noncoding region-based SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) RT-PCR assay for detection of SARS-CoV

Input: Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) are cysteine protease proteins that reverse the ubiquitination by removing ubiquitins from the target protein. With over 100 DUBs identified and categorized into at least 7 families, many DUBs interact with one or more cytokines, influencing cellular processes, such as antiviral responses, inflammatory responses, apoptosis, etc. While some DUBs influence cytokine pathway or production, some DUBs are cytokine-inducible. In this article, we summarize a list of DUBs, their interaction with cytokines, target proteins and mechanisms of action.

Output: Regulatory interplay between deubiquitinating enzymes and cytokines

Input: A novel bat-origin coronavirus emerged in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and continues to spread across China and the world. At the time of writing, a massive global response has been implemented to control the disease as it spreads from person to person. Yet the high-risk human-wildlife interactions and interfaces that led to the emergence of SARS-CoV and of 2019-nCoV continue to exist in emerging disease hotspots globally. To prevent the next epidemic and pandemic related to these interfaces, we call for research and investment in three areas: 1) surveillance among wildlife to identify the high-risk pathogens they carry; 2) surveillance among people who have contact with wildlife to identify early spillover events; and 3) improvement of market biosecurity regarding the wildlife trade. As the emergence of a novel virus anywhere can impact the furthest reaches of our connected world, international collaboration among scientists is essential to address these risks and prevent the next pandemic.

Output: A strategy to prevent future epidemics similar to the 2019-nCoV outbreak

Input: Linking autoimmune orchitis models to human disease • Immunopathological sequelae of vasectomy • Conclusions and future perspectives BACKGROUND: Infection and inflammation of the reproductive tract are significant causes of male factor infertility. Ascending infections caused by sexually transmitted bacteria or urinary tract pathogens represent the most frequent aetiology of epididymo-orchitis, but viral, haematogenous dissemination is also a contributory factor. Limitations in adequate diagnosis and therapy reflect an obvious need for further understanding of human epididymal and testicular immunopathologies and their contribution to infertility. A major obstacle for advancing our knowledge is the limited access to suitable tissue samples. Similarly, the key events in the inflammatory or autoimmune pathologies affecting human male fertility are poorly amenable to close examination. Moreover, the disease processes generally have occurred long before the patient attends the clinic for fertility assessment. In this regard, data obtained from experimental animal models and respective comparative analyses have shown promise to overcome these restrictions in humans.

Output: dsRNA sensors and plasmacytoid dendritic cells in host defense and autoimmunity The primary response to viral detection: type I interferons

Input: This review presents a brief outline and novel developments of electrophoretic separation in microfluidic chips. Distinct characteristics of microchip electrophoresis (MCE) are discussed first, in which sample injection plug, joule heat, channel turn, surface adsorption and modification are introduced, and some successful strategies and recognized conclusions are also included. Important achievements of microfluidic electrophoresis separation in small molecules, DNA and protein are then summarized. This review is aimed at researchers, who are interested in MCE and want to adopt MCE as a functional unit in their integrated microsystems.

Output: Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection

Input: It is known that the person-to-person spreading of certain infectious diseases is related with the transmission of human exhaled air in the indoor environments, and this is suspected to be the case with the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak. This paper presents the numerical analysis of the human respiration process and the transport of exhaled air by breathing, sneezing, and coughing and their potential impact on the adjacent person in a modeled room with displacement ventilation. In order to account for the influence of the thermal plume around the human body, a three-dimensional computational thermal manikin (CTM) with an accurate description of body geometry was applied. Some of the results were compared with those from former simulations and experiments. It was found that personal exposure to the exhaled air from the normal respiration process of other persons is very low in a modeled room with displacement ventilation. Personal exposure to pollution caused by sneezing or coughing is highly directional. When two occupants face each other the cross-infection may happen due to the long transport distance of the exhalation.

Output: Association of Cytokines in Individuals Sensitive and Insensitive to Dust Mites in a Brazilian Population

Input: Biological oscillators are vital to living organisms, which use them as clocks for time-sensitive processes. However, much is unknown about mechanisms which can give rise to coherent oscillatory behavior, with few exceptions (e.g., explicitly delayed self-repressors and simple models of specific organisms' circadian clocks). We present what may be the simplest possible reliable gene network oscillator, a self-repressing gene. We show that binding cooperativity, which has not been considered in detail in this context, can combine with small numbers of intermediate steps to create coherent oscillation. We also note that noise blurs the line between oscillatory and non-oscillatory behavior.

Output: Oscillation, cooperativity, and intermediates in the self-repressing gene

Biological oscillators based on self-repressing genes


Explanation: Reasoning on Social Interactions

You are given a sentence from a conversation between a human and a virtual assistant. Your task is to classify the sentence into one of the following five action categories - INFORM, INFORM_INTENT, OFFER, REQUEST, REQUEST_ALTS. If the sentence is about informing something, generate 'INFORM'. If it is about requesting something, generate 'REQUEST'. If the sentence mentions requesting an alternative option than the one provided, generate 'REQUEST_ALTS'. Similarly, generate 'OFFER' if the sentence is offering some information. If the sentence is about showing intent to do something, generate 'INFORM_INTENT'.

Input: Now seems a good moment to watch the movie.

Output: INFORM_INTENT

Explanation: The user is passively expressing his intent to watch a movie and asking for a suggestion

Input: Do you have a specific which you want the eating place to be located at?

Output: REQUEST

Explanation: The system is requesting the user for location preferences

Input: I see that at 71 Saint Peter there is a good restaurant which is in San Jose.

Output: OFFER

Explanation: The system is offering the information it gathered based on the details provided

Input: They do serve alcohol but there is no live music.

Output: INFORM

Explanation: The system is giving specific details about a restaurant. So, it comes under INFORM action

Input: There's 1 at La Boom, the event title is Americo.

Output: OFFER

Explanation: The system is offering an event.

Input: That sounds good to me. I would like to buy 4 tickets to that event.

Output: INFORM

Explanation: The human is informing the system that they like 4 tickets.

Input: Ok, Find me another restaurant?

Output: REQUEST_ALTS

Explanation: The user is asking for other alternatives than the suggested restaurant. So, it comes under REQUEST_ALTS action

Input: Is there some other restaurant which you can suggest?

Output: REQUEST

Explanation: The user here is requesting for other alternatives. So, it should be REQUEST_ALTS

Input: How would you like Bazille restaurant which is situated in San Jose.

Output: INFORM

Explanation: The system here is offering an option to the user, not informing any details about the restaurant. So, it should be OFFER.

Input: I am looking for a song that could make me happy.

Output: INFORM_INTENT


Explanation: Reasoning on Social Interactions

Input: Now seems a good moment to watch the movie.

Output: INFORM_INTENT

Input: Do you have a specific which you want the eating place to be located at?

Output: REQUEST

Input: I see that at 71 Saint Peter there is a good restaurant which is in San Jose.

Output: OFFER

Input: They do serve alcohol but there is no live music.

Output: INFORM

Input: There's 1 at La Boom, the event title is Americo.

Output: OFFER

Explanation: The system is offering an event.

Input: That sounds good to me. I would like to buy 4 tickets to that event.

Output: INFORM

Input: Ok, Find me another restaurant?

Output: REQUEST_ALTS

Input: Is there some other restaurant which you can suggest?

Output: REQUEST

Input: How would you like Bazille restaurant which is situated in San Jose.

Output: INFORM

Input: Are there any other events you would like to check?

Output: REQUEST_ALTS


Explanation: Reasoning on Social Interactions

Input: Now seems a good moment to watch the movie.

Output: INFORM_INTENT

Input: Do you have a specific which you want the eating place to be located at?

Output: REQUEST

Input: I see that at 71 Saint Peter there is a good restaurant which is in San Jose.

Output: OFFER

Input: They do serve alcohol but there is no live music.

Output: INFORM

Input: There's 1 at La Boom, the event title is Americo.

Output: OFFER

Explanation: The system is offering an event.

Input: That sounds good to me. I would like to buy 4 tickets to that event.

Output: INFORM

Input: Ok, Find me another restaurant?

Output: REQUEST_ALTS

Input: Is there some other restaurant which you can suggest?

Output: REQUEST

Input: How would you like Bazille restaurant which is situated in San Jose.

Output: INFORM

Input: Do you have other suggestions?

Output: REQUEST_ALTS


Explanation: Reasoning on Social Interactions

Input: Now seems a good moment to watch the movie.

Output: INFORM_INTENT

Input: Do you have a specific which you want the eating place to be located at?

Output: REQUEST

Input: I see that at 71 Saint Peter there is a good restaurant which is in San Jose.

Output: OFFER

Input: They do serve alcohol but there is no live music.

Output: INFORM

Input: There's 1 at La Boom, the event title is Americo.

Output: OFFER

Explanation: The system is offering an event.

Input: That sounds good to me. I would like to buy 4 tickets to that event.

Output: INFORM

Input: Ok, Find me another restaurant?

Output: REQUEST_ALTS

Input: Is there some other restaurant which you can suggest?

Output: REQUEST

Input: How would you like Bazille restaurant which is situated in San Jose.

Output: INFORM

Input: Do you know the where the event will be and when it will start?

Output: REQUEST


Explanation: Reasoning on Social Interactions

Input: Now seems a good moment to watch the movie.

Output: INFORM_INTENT

Input: Do you have a specific which you want the eating place to be located at?

Output: REQUEST

Input: I see that at 71 Saint Peter there is a good restaurant which is in San Jose.

Output: OFFER

Input: They do serve alcohol but there is no live music.

Output: INFORM

Input: There's 1 at La Boom, the event title is Americo.

Output: OFFER

Explanation: The system is offering an event.

Input: That sounds good to me. I would like to buy 4 tickets to that event.

Output: INFORM

Input: Ok, Find me another restaurant?

Output: REQUEST_ALTS

Input: Is there some other restaurant which you can suggest?

Output: REQUEST

Input: How would you like Bazille restaurant which is situated in San Jose.

Output: INFORM

Input: Okay. Buy me tickets.

Output: INFORM_INTENT


Explanation: Textual Entailment

In this task you will be given a claim and a perspective. You should determine whether that perspective supports or undermines the claim. If the perspective could possibly convince someone with different view, it is supporting, otherwise it is undermining.

Input:
claim: Music containing lyrics that glorify violent and criminal lifestyles should be banned.
 perspective: hip hop artists have a right to free speech

Output: undermine

Explanation: Musicians having a right to free speech clearly undermines the claim for putting constraints on their lyrics.

Input:
claim: Abolish the US Electoral College.
 perspective: The electoral college weakens incentives for voting and party building.

Output: support

Explanation: The perspective is clearly in support of the claim as it is giving an example of problems of the Electoral College.

Input:
claim: Abolish the monarchy.
 perspective: monarchy in britain led to lots of chaos in the past

Output: undermine

Explanation: The given perspective is supporting the claim, so this is not a correct answer.

Input:
claim: Gambling must be banned.
 perspective: Casinos support local communities financially.

Output: weaken

Explanation: The perspective is weakening the claim, but your answer should only be one of "support" or "undermine".

Input:
claim: Speed limits should be reduced.
 perspective: Government have illegitimate reasons behind lowering the speed limit

Output: undermine


Explanation: Textual Entailment

Input:
claim: Music containing lyrics that glorify violent and criminal lifestyles should be banned.
 perspective: hip hop artists have a right to free speech

Output: undermine

Input:
claim: Abolish the US Electoral College.
 perspective: The electoral college weakens incentives for voting and party building.

Output: support

Input:
claim: Abolish the monarchy.
 perspective: monarchy in britain led to lots of chaos in the past

Output: undermine

Input:
claim: Gambling must be banned.
 perspective: Casinos support local communities financially.

Output: weaken

Input:
claim: People should have a right to private education.
 perspective: Private schools are financially good for the state

Output: support


Explanation: Textual Entailment

Input:
claim: Music containing lyrics that glorify violent and criminal lifestyles should be banned.
 perspective: hip hop artists have a right to free speech

Output: undermine

Input:
claim: Abolish the US Electoral College.
 perspective: The electoral college weakens incentives for voting and party building.

Output: support

Input:
claim: Abolish the monarchy.
 perspective: monarchy in britain led to lots of chaos in the past

Output: undermine

Input:
claim: Gambling must be banned.
 perspective: Casinos support local communities financially.

Output: weaken

Input:
claim: Democracy Is the Best Form of Government.
 perspective: Promoting democracy promotes peace.

Output: support


Explanation: Textual Entailment

Input:
claim: Music containing lyrics that glorify violent and criminal lifestyles should be banned.
 perspective: hip hop artists have a right to free speech

Output: undermine

Input:
claim: Abolish the US Electoral College.
 perspective: The electoral college weakens incentives for voting and party building.

Output: support

Input:
claim: Abolish the monarchy.
 perspective: monarchy in britain led to lots of chaos in the past

Output: undermine

Input:
claim: Gambling must be banned.
 perspective: Casinos support local communities financially.

Output: weaken

Input:
claim: Deny Organs to Non-Donors.
 perspective: People may have valid religious reasons not to donate organs

Output: undermine


Explanation: Textual Entailment

Input:
claim: Music containing lyrics that glorify violent and criminal lifestyles should be banned.
 perspective: hip hop artists have a right to free speech

Output: undermine

Input:
claim: Abolish the US Electoral College.
 perspective: The electoral college weakens incentives for voting and party building.

Output: support

Input:
claim: Abolish the monarchy.
 perspective: monarchy in britain led to lots of chaos in the past

Output: undermine

Input:
claim: Gambling must be banned.
 perspective: Casinos support local communities financially.

Output: weaken

Input:
claim: We should expand NATO.
 perspective: NATO development was important  for international stability

Output: support


Explanation: Reasoning on Social Interactions

Given a paragraph about cooking, and a set of conversational questions and answers about the paragraph, say whether the passage contains sufficient information to answer the follow-up question. Say Yes if it is answerable; otherwise, say No. The paragraph has the prefix 'CONTEXT:'. Each conversation question has a prefix `Q:` followed by the answer prefix `A:`, and the follow-up question has a prefix `FOLLOWUP_Q:`.

Input: CONTEXT: Duck feet will render plenty of gelatin because of the amount of cartilage, same as chicken feet. Any bird's feet are a good choice.The method for making stock is pretty much the same no matter what you put into it, so yes, you can follow your favourite recipe for chicken stock and substitute duck feet. The only thing to keep in mind is that duck feet, like any other duck parts, are substantially more fatty than their chicken equivalents, so assuming you want a clear or mostly-clear stock, you'll have to spend a lot of time skimming.Alternatively you can clean the feet and other bones by boiling them in plain water for 5-10 minutes, then dumping it all out and starting over - which is what your linked recipe suggests. I don't usually do this for brown stocks because you lose a lot of flavour, but if you're starting from raw then it won't make much difference and it's an easy/lazy way to get rid of a lot of the fat at once. <sep> Q: Can I use duck feet to make duck stock A: The method for making stock is pretty much the same no matter what you put into it, so yes, you can follow your favourite recipe for chicken stock and substitute duck feet  Q: Does it add the same flavor and mouth feel? A: The only thing to keep in mind is that duck feet, like any other duck parts, are substantially more fatty than their chicken equivalents  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: How does this change things?

Output: Yes

Explanation: The question asks about how the stock can be less fatty or mostly clear. This can be infered from the previous conversation. The answer is written in the passage that if mostly clear stock is needed then one has spend a lot of time skimming.

Input: CONTEXT: Simple: grate it. If you grate the nutmeg using a microplane, it should have a strong, distinctive odor you can smell from a couple feet away. If it doesn't, it's lost its flavor, throw it away and buy new. It's fairly likely you're going to end up replacing it. I've never seen nutmegs get moldy before, and I live somewhere with 80% humidity. It would have to be stored in some very poor conditions to mold. <sep>  Q: How to distinguish nutmeg freshness? A: If you grate the nutmeg using a microplane, it should have a strong, distinctive odor you can smell from a couple feet away. If it doesn't, it's lost its flavor, throw it away and buy new  Q: Does nutmeg come with a good-before date? A: I've never seen nutmegs get moldy before, and I live somewhere with 80% humidity. It would have to be stored in some very poor conditions to mold  Q: How long can nutmeg stay good? <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: Is there a way to 'see' (observe) how old the nutmeg is?

Output: No

Explanation: There is no text in the paragraph which supports the how old the nutmeg is. Hence it is not answerable.

Input: CONTEXT: Best-before dates aren't the same as use-by dates. Whilst you shouldn't consume a product after it's use-by date, best-before dates are more about quality than safety. Basically, after the best-before date, the product may start to deteriorate in terms of flavour, but that doesn't mean you can't still eat it.I'd expect that the salt content of Vegemite would keep it sound for a long time. I've certainly had half-eaten jars of Marmite (sorry, I'm a Marmite guy, not Vegemite) kicking around in the pantry for way longer than they ought, and they've been just fine. Butter and breadcrumbs from the knife may well develop mould if they're left in the jar for a while, but that would normally just be on the surface and easily removed. Much better to remove crumbs before they get to that stage - or, easier, just use a clean knife. <sep> Q: Is Vegemite good beyond expiry date? A: I'd expect that the salt content of Vegemite would keep it sound for a long time  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: How do we know it's gone bad?

Output: Yes

Explanation: There is no mention of the method to know whether Vegemite has gone bad or not. Hence the question is not answerable.

Input: CONTEXT: In Ireland boiled or glazed ham is a staple. Traditionally it's had with cut up cabbage (ideally you would cook the cabbage in the same water the ham was boiled in as this gives it lovely flavour) but you could just cut it up and pan fry it with a little butter. Normally it would be served with boiled floury potatoes. Traditionally (in Ireland) you wouldn't have a sauce with it but a parsely sauce (as stated in the other reply would be lovely) or simply serve with some strong mustard or a brown sharp sauce such as HP. You could also shred the ham and serve it with noodles in a hot broth with some shredded cabbage and other vegetables.The ham is going to be centre of attention - salty, rich with a sweetness. The cabbage and potato are happy bedfellows as the cabbage cuts through the saltyness/sweetness. You don't want strong flavours competing with the ham and neither cabbage or potato will. <sep> Q: Where can I get boiled and glazed ham as a staple? A: Ireland. <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: What other vegetables can be used along with cabbages?

Output: No

Explanation: In the passage it is mentioned that potatoes can be boiled along with the cabbages. Hence answer is present in the passage.

Input: CONTEXT: I'm afraid you interpret the tables wrong. You aren't destroying calories, you are adding water (=0 cal) to the dry rice. As the rice absorbs the water, you are in fact measuring rice + water for cooked rice.This is true for calorie tables that measure by volume (like here) and by weight.If you are cooking your rice by boiling and straining, you are effectively losing a few calories due to the starch that gets drained with the water, but that's not what you asked here.  <sep>  Q: How to maintain the calories in rice (which were present in it in its raw form) after cooking it? A: f you are cooking your rice by boiling and straining, you are effectively losing a few calories due to the starch that gets drained with the water  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: What could I add to the rice for flavor?

Output: No


Explanation: Reasoning on Social Interactions

Input: CONTEXT: Duck feet will render plenty of gelatin because of the amount of cartilage, same as chicken feet. Any bird's feet are a good choice.The method for making stock is pretty much the same no matter what you put into it, so yes, you can follow your favourite recipe for chicken stock and substitute duck feet. The only thing to keep in mind is that duck feet, like any other duck parts, are substantially more fatty than their chicken equivalents, so assuming you want a clear or mostly-clear stock, you'll have to spend a lot of time skimming.Alternatively you can clean the feet and other bones by boiling them in plain water for 5-10 minutes, then dumping it all out and starting over - which is what your linked recipe suggests. I don't usually do this for brown stocks because you lose a lot of flavour, but if you're starting from raw then it won't make much difference and it's an easy/lazy way to get rid of a lot of the fat at once. <sep> Q: Can I use duck feet to make duck stock A: The method for making stock is pretty much the same no matter what you put into it, so yes, you can follow your favourite recipe for chicken stock and substitute duck feet  Q: Does it add the same flavor and mouth feel? A: The only thing to keep in mind is that duck feet, like any other duck parts, are substantially more fatty than their chicken equivalents  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: How does this change things?

Output: Yes

Input: CONTEXT: Simple: grate it. If you grate the nutmeg using a microplane, it should have a strong, distinctive odor you can smell from a couple feet away. If it doesn't, it's lost its flavor, throw it away and buy new. It's fairly likely you're going to end up replacing it. I've never seen nutmegs get moldy before, and I live somewhere with 80% humidity. It would have to be stored in some very poor conditions to mold. <sep>  Q: How to distinguish nutmeg freshness? A: If you grate the nutmeg using a microplane, it should have a strong, distinctive odor you can smell from a couple feet away. If it doesn't, it's lost its flavor, throw it away and buy new  Q: Does nutmeg come with a good-before date? A: I've never seen nutmegs get moldy before, and I live somewhere with 80% humidity. It would have to be stored in some very poor conditions to mold  Q: How long can nutmeg stay good? <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: Is there a way to 'see' (observe) how old the nutmeg is?

Output: No

Input: CONTEXT: Best-before dates aren't the same as use-by dates. Whilst you shouldn't consume a product after it's use-by date, best-before dates are more about quality than safety. Basically, after the best-before date, the product may start to deteriorate in terms of flavour, but that doesn't mean you can't still eat it.I'd expect that the salt content of Vegemite would keep it sound for a long time. I've certainly had half-eaten jars of Marmite (sorry, I'm a Marmite guy, not Vegemite) kicking around in the pantry for way longer than they ought, and they've been just fine. Butter and breadcrumbs from the knife may well develop mould if they're left in the jar for a while, but that would normally just be on the surface and easily removed. Much better to remove crumbs before they get to that stage - or, easier, just use a clean knife. <sep> Q: Is Vegemite good beyond expiry date? A: I'd expect that the salt content of Vegemite would keep it sound for a long time  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: How do we know it's gone bad?

Output: Yes

Input: CONTEXT: In Ireland boiled or glazed ham is a staple. Traditionally it's had with cut up cabbage (ideally you would cook the cabbage in the same water the ham was boiled in as this gives it lovely flavour) but you could just cut it up and pan fry it with a little butter. Normally it would be served with boiled floury potatoes. Traditionally (in Ireland) you wouldn't have a sauce with it but a parsely sauce (as stated in the other reply would be lovely) or simply serve with some strong mustard or a brown sharp sauce such as HP. You could also shred the ham and serve it with noodles in a hot broth with some shredded cabbage and other vegetables.The ham is going to be centre of attention - salty, rich with a sweetness. The cabbage and potato are happy bedfellows as the cabbage cuts through the saltyness/sweetness. You don't want strong flavours competing with the ham and neither cabbage or potato will. <sep> Q: Where can I get boiled and glazed ham as a staple? A: Ireland. <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: What other vegetables can be used along with cabbages?

Output: No

Input: CONTEXT: Alton Brown recommends brining pork chops in a salt water solution in one of his Good Eats episodes. I have been brining them before I cook them ever since I saw that and think it makes them juicier.I brine them for a couple hours at most and then just cook them. Never tried the drying in the refrigerator.  <sep>  Q: I want to prepare pork chops by salting them, putting them in a brine, and drying them, but how should I go about this? A: Alton Brown recommends brining pork chops in a salt water solution in one of his Good Eats episodes  Q: Do I still have to cook the meat after all that, or is it ready to eat? A: I have been brining them before I cook them ever since I saw that and think it makes them juicier  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: Will the brine and/or salt cause issues of bone rot?

Output: Yes


Explanation: Reasoning on Social Interactions

Input: CONTEXT: Duck feet will render plenty of gelatin because of the amount of cartilage, same as chicken feet. Any bird's feet are a good choice.The method for making stock is pretty much the same no matter what you put into it, so yes, you can follow your favourite recipe for chicken stock and substitute duck feet. The only thing to keep in mind is that duck feet, like any other duck parts, are substantially more fatty than their chicken equivalents, so assuming you want a clear or mostly-clear stock, you'll have to spend a lot of time skimming.Alternatively you can clean the feet and other bones by boiling them in plain water for 5-10 minutes, then dumping it all out and starting over - which is what your linked recipe suggests. I don't usually do this for brown stocks because you lose a lot of flavour, but if you're starting from raw then it won't make much difference and it's an easy/lazy way to get rid of a lot of the fat at once. <sep> Q: Can I use duck feet to make duck stock A: The method for making stock is pretty much the same no matter what you put into it, so yes, you can follow your favourite recipe for chicken stock and substitute duck feet  Q: Does it add the same flavor and mouth feel? A: The only thing to keep in mind is that duck feet, like any other duck parts, are substantially more fatty than their chicken equivalents  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: How does this change things?

Output: Yes

Input: CONTEXT: Simple: grate it. If you grate the nutmeg using a microplane, it should have a strong, distinctive odor you can smell from a couple feet away. If it doesn't, it's lost its flavor, throw it away and buy new. It's fairly likely you're going to end up replacing it. I've never seen nutmegs get moldy before, and I live somewhere with 80% humidity. It would have to be stored in some very poor conditions to mold. <sep>  Q: How to distinguish nutmeg freshness? A: If you grate the nutmeg using a microplane, it should have a strong, distinctive odor you can smell from a couple feet away. If it doesn't, it's lost its flavor, throw it away and buy new  Q: Does nutmeg come with a good-before date? A: I've never seen nutmegs get moldy before, and I live somewhere with 80% humidity. It would have to be stored in some very poor conditions to mold  Q: How long can nutmeg stay good? <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: Is there a way to 'see' (observe) how old the nutmeg is?

Output: No

Input: CONTEXT: Best-before dates aren't the same as use-by dates. Whilst you shouldn't consume a product after it's use-by date, best-before dates are more about quality than safety. Basically, after the best-before date, the product may start to deteriorate in terms of flavour, but that doesn't mean you can't still eat it.I'd expect that the salt content of Vegemite would keep it sound for a long time. I've certainly had half-eaten jars of Marmite (sorry, I'm a Marmite guy, not Vegemite) kicking around in the pantry for way longer than they ought, and they've been just fine. Butter and breadcrumbs from the knife may well develop mould if they're left in the jar for a while, but that would normally just be on the surface and easily removed. Much better to remove crumbs before they get to that stage - or, easier, just use a clean knife. <sep> Q: Is Vegemite good beyond expiry date? A: I'd expect that the salt content of Vegemite would keep it sound for a long time  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: How do we know it's gone bad?

Output: Yes

Input: CONTEXT: In Ireland boiled or glazed ham is a staple. Traditionally it's had with cut up cabbage (ideally you would cook the cabbage in the same water the ham was boiled in as this gives it lovely flavour) but you could just cut it up and pan fry it with a little butter. Normally it would be served with boiled floury potatoes. Traditionally (in Ireland) you wouldn't have a sauce with it but a parsely sauce (as stated in the other reply would be lovely) or simply serve with some strong mustard or a brown sharp sauce such as HP. You could also shred the ham and serve it with noodles in a hot broth with some shredded cabbage and other vegetables.The ham is going to be centre of attention - salty, rich with a sweetness. The cabbage and potato are happy bedfellows as the cabbage cuts through the saltyness/sweetness. You don't want strong flavours competing with the ham and neither cabbage or potato will. <sep> Q: Where can I get boiled and glazed ham as a staple? A: Ireland. <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: What other vegetables can be used along with cabbages?

Output: No

Input: CONTEXT: I'm sorry to say this, but I think prevention is the best answer. Once you're vegetables freeze things happen at the cellular level that changes the nature of the vegetables. For example, ice crystals pierce cell walls which destroys some of the structure, which is responsible for the crispness and crunch of the vegetable. I don't think there is really a way to "fix" this, once it happens.That said, cooking does something similar to vegetables. Cooking destroys cell walls, which is why cooked carrots are so much softer than raw carrots. I would think that vegetables that stand up to cooking would survive freezing the best (such as your mushrooms). On the other hand, somthing like lettuce is a lost cause, once frozen.  <sep>  Q: How do i recover vegetables that get "refrigerator crisper chill"? A: I don't think there is really a way to "fix" this, once it happens  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: Can I use them for things like stew?

Output: Yes


Explanation: Reasoning on Social Interactions

Input: CONTEXT: Duck feet will render plenty of gelatin because of the amount of cartilage, same as chicken feet. Any bird's feet are a good choice.The method for making stock is pretty much the same no matter what you put into it, so yes, you can follow your favourite recipe for chicken stock and substitute duck feet. The only thing to keep in mind is that duck feet, like any other duck parts, are substantially more fatty than their chicken equivalents, so assuming you want a clear or mostly-clear stock, you'll have to spend a lot of time skimming.Alternatively you can clean the feet and other bones by boiling them in plain water for 5-10 minutes, then dumping it all out and starting over - which is what your linked recipe suggests. I don't usually do this for brown stocks because you lose a lot of flavour, but if you're starting from raw then it won't make much difference and it's an easy/lazy way to get rid of a lot of the fat at once. <sep> Q: Can I use duck feet to make duck stock A: The method for making stock is pretty much the same no matter what you put into it, so yes, you can follow your favourite recipe for chicken stock and substitute duck feet  Q: Does it add the same flavor and mouth feel? A: The only thing to keep in mind is that duck feet, like any other duck parts, are substantially more fatty than their chicken equivalents  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: How does this change things?

Output: Yes

Input: CONTEXT: Simple: grate it. If you grate the nutmeg using a microplane, it should have a strong, distinctive odor you can smell from a couple feet away. If it doesn't, it's lost its flavor, throw it away and buy new. It's fairly likely you're going to end up replacing it. I've never seen nutmegs get moldy before, and I live somewhere with 80% humidity. It would have to be stored in some very poor conditions to mold. <sep>  Q: How to distinguish nutmeg freshness? A: If you grate the nutmeg using a microplane, it should have a strong, distinctive odor you can smell from a couple feet away. If it doesn't, it's lost its flavor, throw it away and buy new  Q: Does nutmeg come with a good-before date? A: I've never seen nutmegs get moldy before, and I live somewhere with 80% humidity. It would have to be stored in some very poor conditions to mold  Q: How long can nutmeg stay good? <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: Is there a way to 'see' (observe) how old the nutmeg is?

Output: No

Input: CONTEXT: Best-before dates aren't the same as use-by dates. Whilst you shouldn't consume a product after it's use-by date, best-before dates are more about quality than safety. Basically, after the best-before date, the product may start to deteriorate in terms of flavour, but that doesn't mean you can't still eat it.I'd expect that the salt content of Vegemite would keep it sound for a long time. I've certainly had half-eaten jars of Marmite (sorry, I'm a Marmite guy, not Vegemite) kicking around in the pantry for way longer than they ought, and they've been just fine. Butter and breadcrumbs from the knife may well develop mould if they're left in the jar for a while, but that would normally just be on the surface and easily removed. Much better to remove crumbs before they get to that stage - or, easier, just use a clean knife. <sep> Q: Is Vegemite good beyond expiry date? A: I'd expect that the salt content of Vegemite would keep it sound for a long time  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: How do we know it's gone bad?

Output: Yes

Input: CONTEXT: In Ireland boiled or glazed ham is a staple. Traditionally it's had with cut up cabbage (ideally you would cook the cabbage in the same water the ham was boiled in as this gives it lovely flavour) but you could just cut it up and pan fry it with a little butter. Normally it would be served with boiled floury potatoes. Traditionally (in Ireland) you wouldn't have a sauce with it but a parsely sauce (as stated in the other reply would be lovely) or simply serve with some strong mustard or a brown sharp sauce such as HP. You could also shred the ham and serve it with noodles in a hot broth with some shredded cabbage and other vegetables.The ham is going to be centre of attention - salty, rich with a sweetness. The cabbage and potato are happy bedfellows as the cabbage cuts through the saltyness/sweetness. You don't want strong flavours competing with the ham and neither cabbage or potato will. <sep> Q: Where can I get boiled and glazed ham as a staple? A: Ireland. <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: What other vegetables can be used along with cabbages?

Output: No

Input: CONTEXT: I would keep the one that you are eating the next day out. I would then freeze the rest of them. If you like them warm, you could freeze them wrapped in foil. Before eating pop them in a toaster oven until gently warmed through. If not I'd freeze individually until solid then put in a bag to prevent your frozen bagels from sticking together, then thaw overnight (if eating in the morning) or in the morning (if eating for a mid-day meal) to eat.  <sep>  Q: what is the best way to store bagels? A: I would keep the one that you are eating the next day out. I would then freeze the rest of them  Q: they are the best while fresh and im not going to make them daily. how long do they stay good while frozen? A: If you like them warm, you could freeze them wrapped in foil. Before eating pop them in a toaster oven until gently warmed through  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: i wonder if they would last a couple weeks while frozen?

Output: No


Explanation: Reasoning on Social Interactions

Input: CONTEXT: Duck feet will render plenty of gelatin because of the amount of cartilage, same as chicken feet. Any bird's feet are a good choice.The method for making stock is pretty much the same no matter what you put into it, so yes, you can follow your favourite recipe for chicken stock and substitute duck feet. The only thing to keep in mind is that duck feet, like any other duck parts, are substantially more fatty than their chicken equivalents, so assuming you want a clear or mostly-clear stock, you'll have to spend a lot of time skimming.Alternatively you can clean the feet and other bones by boiling them in plain water for 5-10 minutes, then dumping it all out and starting over - which is what your linked recipe suggests. I don't usually do this for brown stocks because you lose a lot of flavour, but if you're starting from raw then it won't make much difference and it's an easy/lazy way to get rid of a lot of the fat at once. <sep> Q: Can I use duck feet to make duck stock A: The method for making stock is pretty much the same no matter what you put into it, so yes, you can follow your favourite recipe for chicken stock and substitute duck feet  Q: Does it add the same flavor and mouth feel? A: The only thing to keep in mind is that duck feet, like any other duck parts, are substantially more fatty than their chicken equivalents  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: How does this change things?

Output: Yes

Input: CONTEXT: Simple: grate it. If you grate the nutmeg using a microplane, it should have a strong, distinctive odor you can smell from a couple feet away. If it doesn't, it's lost its flavor, throw it away and buy new. It's fairly likely you're going to end up replacing it. I've never seen nutmegs get moldy before, and I live somewhere with 80% humidity. It would have to be stored in some very poor conditions to mold. <sep>  Q: How to distinguish nutmeg freshness? A: If you grate the nutmeg using a microplane, it should have a strong, distinctive odor you can smell from a couple feet away. If it doesn't, it's lost its flavor, throw it away and buy new  Q: Does nutmeg come with a good-before date? A: I've never seen nutmegs get moldy before, and I live somewhere with 80% humidity. It would have to be stored in some very poor conditions to mold  Q: How long can nutmeg stay good? <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: Is there a way to 'see' (observe) how old the nutmeg is?

Output: No

Input: CONTEXT: Best-before dates aren't the same as use-by dates. Whilst you shouldn't consume a product after it's use-by date, best-before dates are more about quality than safety. Basically, after the best-before date, the product may start to deteriorate in terms of flavour, but that doesn't mean you can't still eat it.I'd expect that the salt content of Vegemite would keep it sound for a long time. I've certainly had half-eaten jars of Marmite (sorry, I'm a Marmite guy, not Vegemite) kicking around in the pantry for way longer than they ought, and they've been just fine. Butter and breadcrumbs from the knife may well develop mould if they're left in the jar for a while, but that would normally just be on the surface and easily removed. Much better to remove crumbs before they get to that stage - or, easier, just use a clean knife. <sep> Q: Is Vegemite good beyond expiry date? A: I'd expect that the salt content of Vegemite would keep it sound for a long time  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: How do we know it's gone bad?

Output: Yes

Input: CONTEXT: In Ireland boiled or glazed ham is a staple. Traditionally it's had with cut up cabbage (ideally you would cook the cabbage in the same water the ham was boiled in as this gives it lovely flavour) but you could just cut it up and pan fry it with a little butter. Normally it would be served with boiled floury potatoes. Traditionally (in Ireland) you wouldn't have a sauce with it but a parsely sauce (as stated in the other reply would be lovely) or simply serve with some strong mustard or a brown sharp sauce such as HP. You could also shred the ham and serve it with noodles in a hot broth with some shredded cabbage and other vegetables.The ham is going to be centre of attention - salty, rich with a sweetness. The cabbage and potato are happy bedfellows as the cabbage cuts through the saltyness/sweetness. You don't want strong flavours competing with the ham and neither cabbage or potato will. <sep> Q: Where can I get boiled and glazed ham as a staple? A: Ireland. <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: What other vegetables can be used along with cabbages?

Output: No

Input: CONTEXT: Almost any normal sorbet recipe will contain a decent amount of sugar, and strawberries are no exception. I'd guess probably 1/2-2/3 cup per pound of strawberries. Use a substitute if you have an aversion - honey, agave, raw cane sugar, whatever you prefer. (Of course, anything liquid is going to contain some water, and cause a bit of ice, but it's still doable.) A sorbet without any extra sugar, even when frozen normally in an ice cream maker, is going to end up with a very icy texture, which will probably keep you from experiencing the flavor as much. The sugar helps soften it.The other common way to soften a sorbet is alcohol. RosÃ© wine (thank you, David Lebovitz) works quite well in a strawberry sorbet. Vodka can be your go-to liquor for any impromptu sorbet with other fruits, since it'll add alcohol without any flavors that clash. Beyond that, either look for recipes, or look for mixed drinks containing the fruit you're using.You might also be having problems simply because your strawberries aren't that great. Did you freeze them, or were they storebought? If you bought the strawberries yourself, you'd know they were decent before freezing, while not all storebought frozen fruit is as flavorful.Finally, it's possible that your frozen strawberries collected some extra water in the form of frost, which then makes your sorbet icier. If there are obvious big chunks you could scrape them off.  <sep>  Q: How can I improve flavor of Sorbet made in Magic Bullet? A: Use a substitute if you have an aversion - honey, agave, raw cane sugar, whatever you prefer  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: Can I do a strawberry sorbet?

Output: Yes


Generate a topic word for the given sentence. A topic word is usually the name of a person, place, animal, concept or object the sentence is focusing on.

Input: fear of needles (medically known as belomophobia) is a term used to describe a large fear (phobia) of medical procedures involving needles.

Output: fear of needles

Explanation: This statement is talking about the fear of needles, so 'fear of needles' is a correct answer.

Input: the 2015 ping an chinese football association super league (chinese: 2015中国平安中国足球协会超级联赛) was the 12th chinese super league season and was won by guangzhou evergrande taobao.

Output: 2015 chinese super league

Explanation: Here, the input statement talks about the chinese football association held in 2015, so that is a correct answer.

Input: roaring lion (march 11, 2015 – august 23, 2019) was an american-bred, british-trained thoroughbred racehorse.

Output: roaring racehorse

Explanation: The input statement is talking about the roaring lion.

Input: the maillard reaction is a chemical reaction between an amino acid and a reducing sugar that gives browned food its distinctive flavor.

Output: chemical reaction

Explanation: Here the input statement is talking about the maillard reaction and not the general chemical reaction.

Input: an old master print is a work of art made by a printing process.

Output: old master print


Input: fear of needles (medically known as belomophobia) is a term used to describe a large fear (phobia) of medical procedures involving needles.

Output: fear of needles

Input: the 2015 ping an chinese football association super league (chinese: 2015中国平安中国足球协会超级联赛) was the 12th chinese super league season and was won by guangzhou evergrande taobao.

Output: 2015 chinese super league

Input: roaring lion (march 11, 2015 – august 23, 2019) was an american-bred, british-trained thoroughbred racehorse.

Output: roaring racehorse

Input: the maillard reaction is a chemical reaction between an amino acid and a reducing sugar that gives browned food its distinctive flavor.

Output: chemical reaction

Input: taipei metro is a metro system in taipei, taiwan.

Output: taipei metro


Input: fear of needles (medically known as belomophobia) is a term used to describe a large fear (phobia) of medical procedures involving needles.

Output: fear of needles

Input: the 2015 ping an chinese football association super league (chinese: 2015中国平安中国足球协会超级联赛) was the 12th chinese super league season and was won by guangzhou evergrande taobao.

Output: 2015 chinese super league

Input: roaring lion (march 11, 2015 – august 23, 2019) was an american-bred, british-trained thoroughbred racehorse.

Output: roaring racehorse

Input: the maillard reaction is a chemical reaction between an amino acid and a reducing sugar that gives browned food its distinctive flavor.

Output: chemical reaction

Input: adam ries was a mathematician from bad staffelstein in bavaria.

Output: adam ries


Input: fear of needles (medically known as belomophobia) is a term used to describe a large fear (phobia) of medical procedures involving needles.

Output: fear of needles

Input: the 2015 ping an chinese football association super league (chinese: 2015中国平安中国足球协会超级联赛) was the 12th chinese super league season and was won by guangzhou evergrande taobao.

Output: 2015 chinese super league

Input: roaring lion (march 11, 2015 – august 23, 2019) was an american-bred, british-trained thoroughbred racehorse.

Output: roaring racehorse

Input: the maillard reaction is a chemical reaction between an amino acid and a reducing sugar that gives browned food its distinctive flavor.

Output: chemical reaction

Input: bob fitzgerald is a sports announcer.

Output: bob fitzgerald


Input: fear of needles (medically known as belomophobia) is a term used to describe a large fear (phobia) of medical procedures involving needles.

Output: fear of needles

Input: the 2015 ping an chinese football association super league (chinese: 2015中国平安中国足球协会超级联赛) was the 12th chinese super league season and was won by guangzhou evergrande taobao.

Output: 2015 chinese super league

Input: roaring lion (march 11, 2015 – august 23, 2019) was an american-bred, british-trained thoroughbred racehorse.

Output: roaring racehorse

Input: the maillard reaction is a chemical reaction between an amino acid and a reducing sugar that gives browned food its distinctive flavor.

Output: chemical reaction

Input: illinois is a state in the united states.

Output: illinois


Given an abstract of a paper, generate a title for this paper such that conveys the key focus of the paper.

Input: Abstract: Some patients converted from ventricular fibrillation to organized rhythms by defibrillation-trained ambulance technicians (EMT-Ds) will refibrillate before hospital arrival. The authors analyzed 271 cases of ventricular fibrillation managed by EMT-Ds working without paramedic back-up. Of 111 patients initially converted to organized rhythms, 19 (17%) refibrillated, 11 (58%) of whom were reconverted to perfusing rhythms, including nine of 11 (82%) who had spontaneous pulses prior to refibrillation. Among patients initially converted to organized rhythms, hospital admission rates were lower for patients who refibrillated than for patients who did not(53% versus 76%, P = NS), although discharge rates were virtually identical (37% and 35%, respectively). Scene-to-hospital transport times were not predictively associated with either the frequency of refibrillation or patient outcome. Defibrillation-trained EMTs can effectively manage refibrillation with additional shocks and are not at a significant disadvantage when paramedic back-up is not available.

Output: Refibrillation managed by EMT-Ds

Explanation: The abstract is about refibrillation and it is also mentioned in the abstract that it is managed by EMT-Ds. So it is an apt title.

Input: Abstract: The course of a pregnant patient at term who was acutely exposed to carbon monoxide is described. A review of the fetal-maternal carboxyhemoglobin relationships and the differences in fetal oxyhemoglobin physiology are used to explain the recommendation that pregnant women with carbon monoxide poisoning should receive 100% oxygen therapy for up to five times longer than is otherwise necessary. The role of hyperbaric oxygen therapy is considered.

Output: Acute carbon monoxide poisoning during pregnancy.

Explanation: The abstract described a pregant patient who was acutely exposed to carbon monoxide and the difference in fetal physiology is used to explain the recommendation of recieving 100% oxygen therapy for the pregnant women with carbon monoxide poisoning. So 'Acute carbon monoxide poisoning during pregnancy.' is the apt title

Input: Abstract: Over the last two decades, emergency medical services in the United States have been greatly improved. Organization of prehospital providers of health care has improved the outcome of many patients, particularly the trauma patient and the acute cardiac patient. In Seattle as many as 40% of outside-the-hospital cardiac arrest victims with ventricular fibrillation have been saved when there is rapid delivery of basic life support by first responders followed by advanced life support by paramedics. Although these systems are growing and improving health care, many lack adequate medical control or physician involvement. Emergency medical service systems must have physicians involved in their management to meet their full capabilities. It has become apparent that four factors are critical in determining the ability to resuscitate an individual once a cardiac arrest has occurred: time to starting any of the rescue procedures, use of electrical defibrillation when indicated, use of epinephrine, and adequacy of the technique of basic life support, particularly the ventilation component. To provide defibrillation at the earliest possible time, defibrillation by first responders such as emergency medical technicians appears to be of benefit. With the advent of automatic and semiautomatic defibrillators, first responders and family members may also be able to defibrillate victims. The use of defibrillation by people with less training than paramedics, however, must be approached with caution to ensure that there is adequate medical control and that the individuals who use these devices are properly trained.

Output: Emergency medical service systems in acute cardiac care.

Explanation: The abstract described the Emergency medical services in united states, particulary with the acute cardiac patient. So 'Emergency medical service systems in acute cardiac care.' is the apt title

Input: Abstract: As the use of helicopters for air transport of critically ill patients increases, the availability of monitoring devices for physiological parameters during flight becomes important. It has long been known that arterial PO2 (PaO2) decreases during unsupplemented, non- pressurized flight. In this study, the authors examined the use of the transconjunctival oxygen (cjO2) monitor for assessing the adequacy of arterial oxygenation during helicopter flight in four healthy volunteers. Arterial PaO2 as measured by conventional blood gas analysis was compared with cjO2 at ground level, 5,000 feet, and 10,000 feet altitude. Mean PaO2 dropped significantly from 93.5 to 81.5 to 58.5 mm Hg, respectively (P less than 0.001, analysis of variance with repeated measures). Mean cjO2 also decreased significantly from 63.8 to 52.0 to 34.8 mm Hg, respectively (P less than 0.001, analysis of variance with repeated measures). Within individual subjects, cjO2 was an accurate predictor of PaO2 (P less than 0.001, multiple regression analysis). The relationship between cjO2 and PaO2 was linear with a regression coefficient of 1.147. The authors conclude that the transconjunctival O2 monitor may be useful for monitoring the adequacy of arterial oxygenation during helicopter flight in hemodynamically stable patients. The results of study also support the use of supplemental oxygen in all patients subjected to helicopter transport.

Output: Nasogastric intubation

Explanation: The title 'Nasogastric intubation' is completely out of the given abstract. So not an apt title. Title can be with helicopter transportation and transconjunctival oxygen.

Input: Abstract: The course of a pregnant patient at term who was acutely exposed to carbon monoxide is described. A review of the fetal-maternal carboxyhemoglobin relationships and the differences in fetal oxyhemoglobin physiology are used to explain the recommendation that pregnant women with carbon monoxide poisoning should receive 100% oxygen therapy for up to five times longer than is otherwise necessary. The role of hyperbaric oxygen therapy is considered.

Output: Intraosseous infusion of phenytoin.

Explanation: The title 'Intraosseous infusion of phenytoin.' is no where related to the abstract or present in the abstract. So, it is not a perfect title. The abstract is about pregnency and carbon monoxide poisoning.

Input: Abstract: To summarize the results: Bilirubin removal by hemoperfusion was successfully performed for the first time on a premature infant. The hemoperfusion caused no adverse effects on the clinical state of the infant. The bilirubin removed in 90 min--13 mg--indicates the existence of a large extravascular pool. Hemoperfusion is suggested for bilirubin removal from newborn babies, reducing the need for blood exchange with bank blood.

Output: Bilirubin removal from a jaundiced premature infant by resin hemoperfusion.

Hemoperfusion for bilirubin removal in a premature infant.


Input: Abstract: Some patients converted from ventricular fibrillation to organized rhythms by defibrillation-trained ambulance technicians (EMT-Ds) will refibrillate before hospital arrival. The authors analyzed 271 cases of ventricular fibrillation managed by EMT-Ds working without paramedic back-up. Of 111 patients initially converted to organized rhythms, 19 (17%) refibrillated, 11 (58%) of whom were reconverted to perfusing rhythms, including nine of 11 (82%) who had spontaneous pulses prior to refibrillation. Among patients initially converted to organized rhythms, hospital admission rates were lower for patients who refibrillated than for patients who did not(53% versus 76%, P = NS), although discharge rates were virtually identical (37% and 35%, respectively). Scene-to-hospital transport times were not predictively associated with either the frequency of refibrillation or patient outcome. Defibrillation-trained EMTs can effectively manage refibrillation with additional shocks and are not at a significant disadvantage when paramedic back-up is not available.

Output: Refibrillation managed by EMT-Ds

Input: Abstract: The course of a pregnant patient at term who was acutely exposed to carbon monoxide is described. A review of the fetal-maternal carboxyhemoglobin relationships and the differences in fetal oxyhemoglobin physiology are used to explain the recommendation that pregnant women with carbon monoxide poisoning should receive 100% oxygen therapy for up to five times longer than is otherwise necessary. The role of hyperbaric oxygen therapy is considered.

Output: Acute carbon monoxide poisoning during pregnancy.

Input: Abstract: Over the last two decades, emergency medical services in the United States have been greatly improved. Organization of prehospital providers of health care has improved the outcome of many patients, particularly the trauma patient and the acute cardiac patient. In Seattle as many as 40% of outside-the-hospital cardiac arrest victims with ventricular fibrillation have been saved when there is rapid delivery of basic life support by first responders followed by advanced life support by paramedics. Although these systems are growing and improving health care, many lack adequate medical control or physician involvement. Emergency medical service systems must have physicians involved in their management to meet their full capabilities. It has become apparent that four factors are critical in determining the ability to resuscitate an individual once a cardiac arrest has occurred: time to starting any of the rescue procedures, use of electrical defibrillation when indicated, use of epinephrine, and adequacy of the technique of basic life support, particularly the ventilation component. To provide defibrillation at the earliest possible time, defibrillation by first responders such as emergency medical technicians appears to be of benefit. With the advent of automatic and semiautomatic defibrillators, first responders and family members may also be able to defibrillate victims. The use of defibrillation by people with less training than paramedics, however, must be approached with caution to ensure that there is adequate medical control and that the individuals who use these devices are properly trained.

Output: Emergency medical service systems in acute cardiac care.

Input: Abstract: As the use of helicopters for air transport of critically ill patients increases, the availability of monitoring devices for physiological parameters during flight becomes important. It has long been known that arterial PO2 (PaO2) decreases during unsupplemented, non- pressurized flight. In this study, the authors examined the use of the transconjunctival oxygen (cjO2) monitor for assessing the adequacy of arterial oxygenation during helicopter flight in four healthy volunteers. Arterial PaO2 as measured by conventional blood gas analysis was compared with cjO2 at ground level, 5,000 feet, and 10,000 feet altitude. Mean PaO2 dropped significantly from 93.5 to 81.5 to 58.5 mm Hg, respectively (P less than 0.001, analysis of variance with repeated measures). Mean cjO2 also decreased significantly from 63.8 to 52.0 to 34.8 mm Hg, respectively (P less than 0.001, analysis of variance with repeated measures). Within individual subjects, cjO2 was an accurate predictor of PaO2 (P less than 0.001, multiple regression analysis). The relationship between cjO2 and PaO2 was linear with a regression coefficient of 1.147. The authors conclude that the transconjunctival O2 monitor may be useful for monitoring the adequacy of arterial oxygenation during helicopter flight in hemodynamically stable patients. The results of study also support the use of supplemental oxygen in all patients subjected to helicopter transport.

Output: Nasogastric intubation

Input: Abstract: The course of a pregnant patient at term who was acutely exposed to carbon monoxide is described. A review of the fetal-maternal carboxyhemoglobin relationships and the differences in fetal oxyhemoglobin physiology are used to explain the recommendation that pregnant women with carbon monoxide poisoning should receive 100% oxygen therapy for up to five times longer than is otherwise necessary. The role of hyperbaric oxygen therapy is considered.

Output: Intraosseous infusion of phenytoin.

Input: Abstract: Labrador keratopathy (LK) is an acquired corneal degeneration thought to be caused by chronic exposure to solar irradiation. Reports so far suggest that it is a progressive or at least a stationary condition. There are no detailed reports on recommended therapy. A prospective clinical study was conducted to show regression of LK following extracapsular cataract extraction. Seventeen black patients (26 eyes) with LK and mature cataracts underwent extracapsular cataract extraction. The severity of the LK was recorded photographically pre- and postoperatively. The follow-up ranged from 6 to fifteen months. Twenty-four eyes (92%) showed regression of the LK. The reduction in exposure to ultraviolet light as a result of aphakic photophobia could be one of the factors which have led to the regression of the LK.

Output: Regression of Labrador keratopathy following cataract extraction.

Regression of labrador keratopathy after extracapsular cataract extraction


Input: Abstract: Some patients converted from ventricular fibrillation to organized rhythms by defibrillation-trained ambulance technicians (EMT-Ds) will refibrillate before hospital arrival. The authors analyzed 271 cases of ventricular fibrillation managed by EMT-Ds working without paramedic back-up. Of 111 patients initially converted to organized rhythms, 19 (17%) refibrillated, 11 (58%) of whom were reconverted to perfusing rhythms, including nine of 11 (82%) who had spontaneous pulses prior to refibrillation. Among patients initially converted to organized rhythms, hospital admission rates were lower for patients who refibrillated than for patients who did not(53% versus 76%, P = NS), although discharge rates were virtually identical (37% and 35%, respectively). Scene-to-hospital transport times were not predictively associated with either the frequency of refibrillation or patient outcome. Defibrillation-trained EMTs can effectively manage refibrillation with additional shocks and are not at a significant disadvantage when paramedic back-up is not available.

Output: Refibrillation managed by EMT-Ds

Input: Abstract: The course of a pregnant patient at term who was acutely exposed to carbon monoxide is described. A review of the fetal-maternal carboxyhemoglobin relationships and the differences in fetal oxyhemoglobin physiology are used to explain the recommendation that pregnant women with carbon monoxide poisoning should receive 100% oxygen therapy for up to five times longer than is otherwise necessary. The role of hyperbaric oxygen therapy is considered.

Output: Acute carbon monoxide poisoning during pregnancy.

Input: Abstract: Over the last two decades, emergency medical services in the United States have been greatly improved. Organization of prehospital providers of health care has improved the outcome of many patients, particularly the trauma patient and the acute cardiac patient. In Seattle as many as 40% of outside-the-hospital cardiac arrest victims with ventricular fibrillation have been saved when there is rapid delivery of basic life support by first responders followed by advanced life support by paramedics. Although these systems are growing and improving health care, many lack adequate medical control or physician involvement. Emergency medical service systems must have physicians involved in their management to meet their full capabilities. It has become apparent that four factors are critical in determining the ability to resuscitate an individual once a cardiac arrest has occurred: time to starting any of the rescue procedures, use of electrical defibrillation when indicated, use of epinephrine, and adequacy of the technique of basic life support, particularly the ventilation component. To provide defibrillation at the earliest possible time, defibrillation by first responders such as emergency medical technicians appears to be of benefit. With the advent of automatic and semiautomatic defibrillators, first responders and family members may also be able to defibrillate victims. The use of defibrillation by people with less training than paramedics, however, must be approached with caution to ensure that there is adequate medical control and that the individuals who use these devices are properly trained.

Output: Emergency medical service systems in acute cardiac care.

Input: Abstract: As the use of helicopters for air transport of critically ill patients increases, the availability of monitoring devices for physiological parameters during flight becomes important. It has long been known that arterial PO2 (PaO2) decreases during unsupplemented, non- pressurized flight. In this study, the authors examined the use of the transconjunctival oxygen (cjO2) monitor for assessing the adequacy of arterial oxygenation during helicopter flight in four healthy volunteers. Arterial PaO2 as measured by conventional blood gas analysis was compared with cjO2 at ground level, 5,000 feet, and 10,000 feet altitude. Mean PaO2 dropped significantly from 93.5 to 81.5 to 58.5 mm Hg, respectively (P less than 0.001, analysis of variance with repeated measures). Mean cjO2 also decreased significantly from 63.8 to 52.0 to 34.8 mm Hg, respectively (P less than 0.001, analysis of variance with repeated measures). Within individual subjects, cjO2 was an accurate predictor of PaO2 (P less than 0.001, multiple regression analysis). The relationship between cjO2 and PaO2 was linear with a regression coefficient of 1.147. The authors conclude that the transconjunctival O2 monitor may be useful for monitoring the adequacy of arterial oxygenation during helicopter flight in hemodynamically stable patients. The results of study also support the use of supplemental oxygen in all patients subjected to helicopter transport.

Output: Nasogastric intubation

Input: Abstract: The course of a pregnant patient at term who was acutely exposed to carbon monoxide is described. A review of the fetal-maternal carboxyhemoglobin relationships and the differences in fetal oxyhemoglobin physiology are used to explain the recommendation that pregnant women with carbon monoxide poisoning should receive 100% oxygen therapy for up to five times longer than is otherwise necessary. The role of hyperbaric oxygen therapy is considered.

Output: Intraosseous infusion of phenytoin.

Input: Abstract: Epinephrine causes platelet aggregation and secretion by interacting with alpha 2-adrenergic receptors on the platelet surface. Platelet aggregation requires the binding of fibrinogen to a specific receptor on the membrane glycoprotein IIb-IIIa complex. Although the IIb-IIIa complex is identifiable on the surface of resting platelets, the fibrinogen receptor is expressed only after platelet activation. The current studies were designed to examine the effect of occupancy of platelet alpha 2-adrenergic receptors by epinephrine on the expression of fibrinogen receptors and on the aggregation of platelets. The ability of epinephrine to induce the expression of fibrinogen receptors was studied under two different conditions: acute stimulation (less than 1 min) and prolonged stimulation (50 to 90 min), the latter of which is associated with a reduction or "desensitization" of the platelet aggregation response. Expression of the fibrinogen receptor was monitored with 125I-fibrinogen as well as with 125I-PAC-1 (PAC-1), a monoclonal antibody that binds to the glycoprotein IIb-IIIa complex only after platelets are activated. Epinephrine caused an immediate increase in PAC-1 and fibrinogen binding that was dependent on occupancy of the alpha 2-receptor by epinephrine and on the presence of extracellular free Ca (KCa = 30 mumol/L). By itself, 1 mmol/L Mg was unable to support induction of the fibrinogen receptor by epinephrine. However, it did decrease the Ca requirement by about two orders of magnitude. Prolonged stimulation of unstirred platelets by epinephrine led to a 70% decrease in the aggregation response when the platelets were subsequently stirred. Despite their decreased aggregation response, desensitized platelets bound PAC-1 and fibrinogen normally, indicating that the loss of aggregation was not due simply to a decrease in fibrinogen receptor expression. Although desensitization was not affected by pretreatment of the platelets with aspirin, it was partially prevented when extracellular Ca was chelated by EDTA during the long incubation with epinephrine. These studies demonstrate that once platelet alpha 2-adrenergic receptors are occupied by epinephrine, extracellular Ca is involved in initiating the aggregation response by supporting the induction of the fibrinogen receptor and the binding of fibrinogen. Furthermore. Ca-dependent reactions subsequent to fibrinogen binding may be necessary for maximal platelet aggregation and are impaired when platelets become desensitized to epinephrine.

Output: Expression of fibrinogen receptors during activation and subsequent desensitization of human platelets by epinephrine.

epinephrine-induced fibrinogen receptor expression is dependent on extracellular Ca.


Input: Abstract: Some patients converted from ventricular fibrillation to organized rhythms by defibrillation-trained ambulance technicians (EMT-Ds) will refibrillate before hospital arrival. The authors analyzed 271 cases of ventricular fibrillation managed by EMT-Ds working without paramedic back-up. Of 111 patients initially converted to organized rhythms, 19 (17%) refibrillated, 11 (58%) of whom were reconverted to perfusing rhythms, including nine of 11 (82%) who had spontaneous pulses prior to refibrillation. Among patients initially converted to organized rhythms, hospital admission rates were lower for patients who refibrillated than for patients who did not(53% versus 76%, P = NS), although discharge rates were virtually identical (37% and 35%, respectively). Scene-to-hospital transport times were not predictively associated with either the frequency of refibrillation or patient outcome. Defibrillation-trained EMTs can effectively manage refibrillation with additional shocks and are not at a significant disadvantage when paramedic back-up is not available.

Output: Refibrillation managed by EMT-Ds

Input: Abstract: The course of a pregnant patient at term who was acutely exposed to carbon monoxide is described. A review of the fetal-maternal carboxyhemoglobin relationships and the differences in fetal oxyhemoglobin physiology are used to explain the recommendation that pregnant women with carbon monoxide poisoning should receive 100% oxygen therapy for up to five times longer than is otherwise necessary. The role of hyperbaric oxygen therapy is considered.

Output: Acute carbon monoxide poisoning during pregnancy.

Input: Abstract: Over the last two decades, emergency medical services in the United States have been greatly improved. Organization of prehospital providers of health care has improved the outcome of many patients, particularly the trauma patient and the acute cardiac patient. In Seattle as many as 40% of outside-the-hospital cardiac arrest victims with ventricular fibrillation have been saved when there is rapid delivery of basic life support by first responders followed by advanced life support by paramedics. Although these systems are growing and improving health care, many lack adequate medical control or physician involvement. Emergency medical service systems must have physicians involved in their management to meet their full capabilities. It has become apparent that four factors are critical in determining the ability to resuscitate an individual once a cardiac arrest has occurred: time to starting any of the rescue procedures, use of electrical defibrillation when indicated, use of epinephrine, and adequacy of the technique of basic life support, particularly the ventilation component. To provide defibrillation at the earliest possible time, defibrillation by first responders such as emergency medical technicians appears to be of benefit. With the advent of automatic and semiautomatic defibrillators, first responders and family members may also be able to defibrillate victims. The use of defibrillation by people with less training than paramedics, however, must be approached with caution to ensure that there is adequate medical control and that the individuals who use these devices are properly trained.

Output: Emergency medical service systems in acute cardiac care.

Input: Abstract: As the use of helicopters for air transport of critically ill patients increases, the availability of monitoring devices for physiological parameters during flight becomes important. It has long been known that arterial PO2 (PaO2) decreases during unsupplemented, non- pressurized flight. In this study, the authors examined the use of the transconjunctival oxygen (cjO2) monitor for assessing the adequacy of arterial oxygenation during helicopter flight in four healthy volunteers. Arterial PaO2 as measured by conventional blood gas analysis was compared with cjO2 at ground level, 5,000 feet, and 10,000 feet altitude. Mean PaO2 dropped significantly from 93.5 to 81.5 to 58.5 mm Hg, respectively (P less than 0.001, analysis of variance with repeated measures). Mean cjO2 also decreased significantly from 63.8 to 52.0 to 34.8 mm Hg, respectively (P less than 0.001, analysis of variance with repeated measures). Within individual subjects, cjO2 was an accurate predictor of PaO2 (P less than 0.001, multiple regression analysis). The relationship between cjO2 and PaO2 was linear with a regression coefficient of 1.147. The authors conclude that the transconjunctival O2 monitor may be useful for monitoring the adequacy of arterial oxygenation during helicopter flight in hemodynamically stable patients. The results of study also support the use of supplemental oxygen in all patients subjected to helicopter transport.

Output: Nasogastric intubation

Input: Abstract: The course of a pregnant patient at term who was acutely exposed to carbon monoxide is described. A review of the fetal-maternal carboxyhemoglobin relationships and the differences in fetal oxyhemoglobin physiology are used to explain the recommendation that pregnant women with carbon monoxide poisoning should receive 100% oxygen therapy for up to five times longer than is otherwise necessary. The role of hyperbaric oxygen therapy is considered.

Output: Intraosseous infusion of phenytoin.

Input: Abstract: We describe a patient with secondary syphilis and facial skin lesions which resembled Sweet's syndrome clinically and histologically. We suggest serological tests for syphilis in patients with Sweet's syndrome.

Output: Secondary syphilis mimicking Sweet's syndrome.